iindaba

I-Polyethyleneimine(i-PEI ngamafutshane), enenombolo ye-CAS eyi-9002-98-6, yi-polymer ye-cationic enyibilikayo emanzini. Uphawu lwayo oluphambili kukuba uthotho lwayo lweemolekyuli lutyebile kwinani elikhulu lamaqela e-amino (ii-amine eziphambili, ii-amine zesibini, kunye nee-amine zesithathu). Olu lwakhiwo lumisela i-alkalinity yayo enamandla, i-reactivity ephezulu, kunye neempawu zayo ze-physicochemical ezizodwa. I-Polyethyleneimine inexabiso elingenakutshintshwa lokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi.

I. Ulwazi oluSisiseko: Ulwakhiwo kunye noHlelo

1. Ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali

Iyunithi ephinda-phindayo ye-PEI yi--CH₂CH₂NH-, kwaye amaqela e-amino kwi-molecular chain yayo ayinika iipropati ezinamandla ze-cationic (pKa≈10) – nokuba phantsi kweemeko ezingathathi cala okanye ezibuthathaka ze-asidi, amaqela e-amino anokubizwa ngokuba yi-protonated (-NH₂→-NH₃⁺), engumthombo ophambili wokunyibilika kwamanzi, amandla okudibanisa kunye nokufunxwa komphezulu.

Ngokwezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, zahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini:

I-polyethyleneimine ethe tyaba (L-PEI): Ikhonkco le-molecular lithe tyaba, kunye ne-amines yesibini njengeqela eliphambili le-amino (malunga ne-90%), kwaye umlinganiselo we-amines eziphambili kunye ne-tertiary uphantsi. Ukusasazwa kobunzima be-molecular kuncinci, kwaye ubunyulu buphezulu.

I-polyethyleneimine ehlanganisiweyo (B-PEI): I-molecular chain iqulethe inani elikhulu lee-side chains, kunye ne-balanced rate of primary amines (≈25%), secondary amines (≈50%), kunye ne-tertiary amines (≈25%), kwaye ine-reactivity ephezulu. Lolona hlobo lusetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino.

2. Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zomzimba

Ii. Iimpawu Eziphambili: Kutheni i-PEI isetyenziswa kakhulu?

Ipropati enamandla ye-cationic kunye nokukwazi ukuhlanganisa: Iqela le-amino emva kwe-protonation lithwala itshaja elungileyo kwaye linokwenza ii-complexes ezizinzileyo ezine-negative charge substances (ezifana ne-DNA, i-RNA, ii-anionic dyes, ii-clays, kunye nee-metal ions), eyona ndlela iphambili yokusebenza kwayo ekuhanjisweni kwezakhi zofuzo, unyango lwamanzi, kunye nokufunxwa kwesinyithi.

I-reactivity ephezulu: Amaqela e-Amino (ingakumbi ii-amine eziphambili) anokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo ezahlukeneyo (ezifana nokongeza kukaMichael, ukuvula i-epoxy ring, i-acylation, ii-crosslinking reactions), kwaye angasetyenziswa njengee-agents ezidibanisayo kunye nezilungisi ukuze kusebenze umphezulu wezinto.

Ukunyibilika kwamanzi kunye neempawu zokwenza ifilimu: Ukunyibilika kwamanzi kakuhle kwenza kube lula ukucutshungulwa. Emva kokomiswa, ingenza ifilimu exineneyo, kwaye ifilimu ineempawu ezithile zokunamathela kunye nezithintelo.

I-alkalinity enamandla: Inani elikhulu lamaqela e-amino kwi-molecule lenza isisombululo sayo samanzi sibe yi-alkaline kakhulu (pH≈10 ukuya kwi-12), kwaye sinokuchaphazeleka ziimpendulo ze-neutralization kunye nezinto ezine-asidi.

Iii.Yintoni esetyenziselwa i-polyethylenimine(Ihlelwe ngokweZimo zeMfuno

1. Intsimi yezonyango (Undoqo: Iivektha zokuhanjiswa kwezakhi zofuzo

I-PEI yenye yezona vectors zezakhi zofuzo ezingezizo iintsholongwane ezisetyenziswa kakhulu okwangoku:

I-Principle Cationic PEI kunye ne-anionic DNA/RNA zenza i-"PEI-nucleic acid complex" ngokusebenzisa i-electrostatic interaction, engagcini nje ngokukhusela ii-nucleic acids ekubeni zonakaliswe zii-nucleases kodwa ikwavumela ukuba zingene kwiiseli nge-endocytosis. Ngaphezu koko, "i-proton sponge effect" ye-PEI (efunxa ii-protons ngaphakathi kwiseli emva kwe-protonation) Ukuqalisa ukuqhekeka kwe-vesicle kunokukhuthaza ukukhululwa kwee-nucleic acids kwi-cytoplasm;

Ukusetyenziswa: Unyango lwe-gene (njengokuhanjiswa kwe-gene kwiithumba kunye nezifo ze-genetic), ukuhanjiswa kwe-nucleic acid vaccine, uvavanyo lwe-cell transfection (i-PEI transfection reagent esetyenziswa rhoqo kwiilabhoratri);

Qaphela: I-PEI ene-molecular-weight ephezulu ine-cytotoxicity ephezulu. Okwangoku, i-PEI eguqulweyo ene-toxicity ephantsi (efana ne-PEI eguqulweyo ye-peG kunye ne-nanoparticles ye-PEI edibeneyo) iye yaphuhliswa.

2. Indawo yokucoca amanzi (Isiseko: Iiflocculants, iiAdsorbents)

I-Flocculant: Ipropati ye-cationic yeI-Polyethylenimine PEIingakwazi ukuphelisa amasuntswana axhonyiweyo atshajwe kakubi emanzini (njengesanti, izinto eziphilayo, kunye neebhaktheriya), nto leyo ebangela ukuba amasuntswana ahlangane aze ahlale. Isetyenziselwa ukucoca amanzi okusela kunye nokucoca amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso (njengokuprinta nokudaya, ukwenza amanzi amdaka ephepha), ifanelekile ngakumbi ekuphatheni amanzi amdaka anokungcola okuphezulu kunye nomxholo ophezulu wezinto eziphilayo.

I-Adsorbent Iqela le-amino lePolyethylenimine PEI linokwenza iibhondi zokudibanisa kunye nee-ion zesinyithi esinzima (ezifana neCu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Pb²⁺), kwaye lingasetyenziselwa ukususa iintsimbi ezinzima emanzini amdaka emizi-mveliso. Lingenziwa kwakhona libe zizinto zokufunxa eziguqulweyo ze-polyethylenimine (ezifana ne-PEI-activated carbon, PEI-nanofibers) ukuphucula amandla okufunxa.

3. Utshintsho lomphezulu wezinto ezibonakalayo (Undoqo: Uhlengahlengiso lomsebenzi)

Ukuguqulwa kwephepha/ifayibha: Unyango lwe-PEI lwe-polyethylenimine lunokuphucula amandla alo amanzi, ukumelana namanzi kunye nokuprintwa (ngokudibanisa namaqela e-hydroxyl kumphezulu wefayibha), kwaye lusetyenziswa ekuveliseni iphepha elikhethekileyo (njengephepha lokupakisha, iphepha lokucoca).

Unyango lomphezulu wesinyithi: I-Polyethylenimine inokwenza ifilimu ekhuselayo kumphezulu wesinyithi, iphucula ukumelana nokugqwala kwesinyithi, kwaye ingasebenza njengomkhuthazi wokunamathela kwiingubo zesinyithi.

Ukuguqulwa kwezinto zePolymer: I-PEI isetyenziswa njenge-arhente yokudibanisa okanye i-compatibilizer ukuphucula ukuhambelana kunye nokunamathela kweepolymers (njengokuguqulwa kwe-crosslinking ye-polyurethane kunye ne-epoxy resins), okanye ukuphucula i-hydrophilicity yezinto (ezifana neefilimu ze-polyolefin eziguqulwe yi-PEI).

4. Ezinye izicelo zoshishino

Izincamathelisi kunye nezitywini: Iqela le-amino le-PEI linokuhlangabezana neempendulo zokudibanisa kunye nee-aldehydes, ii-isocyanates, njl.njl., kwaye lingasetyenziswa njenge-arhente yokunyanga izincamathelisi ezisekelwe emanzini. I-Polyethylenimine isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa umthi, iphepha, kunye nesinyithi, inamandla aphezulu okudibanisa kunye nokumelana kakuhle kwamanzi.

Ishishini ledayi kunye nombala: I-Polyethylenimine PEI ingasetyenziselwa njengesithako kwiidayi ze-cationic (ingakumbi ekudayweni kweefayibha zendalo ezifana nomqhaphu kunye nesilika), iphucula ukunamathela kunye nokuhlanjwa kweedayi; I-Polyethylenimine ingasetyenziselwa njengesisasazi sedayi ukuthintela ukuhlanganiswa kwedayi.

Ukukhupha ipetroliyam: I-PEI isetyenziswa ekucoceni amanzi e-oyile (njengokuvala amanzi kunye neearhente zokulawula iprofayili), okanye njengesongezelelo solwelo lokubhola ukuphucula uzinzo lolwelo lokubhola.

Ngokulungisa ubunzima bemolekyuli (ubunzima obuphantsi bemolekyuli, ubuthi obuphantsi; ubunzima bemolekyuli obuphezulu, umsebenzi ophezulu), ulwakhiwo (oluthe tyaba ngokuchasene nolwamasebe), kunye neendlela zokuguqula (i-peG-ylation, ukudibanisa okunqamlezileyo, kunye nokudibanisa) kwei-polyethylenimine, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo eziphezulu (ezifana nokuhanjiswa kwamayeza ajoliswe kuwo kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezisebenzayo) kunokwandiswa ngakumbi.