Kwishishini lemichiza, kukho iimveliso ezimbini ezinamagama afanayo kakhulu, ezizezi, i-glyoxylic acid kunye ne-glycolic acid. Abantu badla ngokungakwazi ukwahlula. Namhlanje, makhe sijonge ezi mveliso zimbini kunye. I-Glyoxylic acid kunye ne-glycolic acid zikhompawundi ezimbini zezinto eziphilayo ezinomahluko obalulekileyo kwisakhiwo kunye neepropati. Umahluko wabo ikakhulu ulele kubume bemolekyuli, iipropathi zekhemikhali, iipropathi ezibonakalayo kunye nokusetyenziswa, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ubume bemolekyuli kunye nokwakheka kwahlukile
Lo ngowona mahluko usisiseko phakathi kwezi zimbini, omisela ngokuthe ngqo umahluko kwezinye iipropati.
I-CAS 298-12-4, kunye ne-chemical formula C2H2O3 kunye ne-formulation ye-HOOC-CHO, iqulethe amaqela amabini asebenzayo - iqela le-carboxyl (-COOH) kunye neqela le-aldehyde (-CHO), kwaye liyingxenye yeklasi ye-aldehyde acid of compounds.
I-CAS 79-14-1, kunye nefomyula yeekhemikhali i-C2H4O3 kunye ne-formula yesakhiwo i-HOOC-CH2OH, iqulethe amaqela amabini asebenzayo - iqela le-carboxyl (-COOH) kunye neqela le-hydroxyl (-OH), kwaye liyingxenye ye-α -hydroxy iklasi ye-compounds.
Iifomyula ze-molecular zimbini zihluke ngee-athomu ezimbini ze-hydrogen (H2), kunye nokwahlukana kumaqela asebenzayo (iqela le-aldehyde vs. Iqela le-hydroxyl) luluhlu oluphambili.
Iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali
Umahluko kumaqela asebenzayo ukhokelela kwiipropati ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali phakathi kwezi zimbini:
Iimpawu zeglyoxylic acid(ngenxa yobukho bamaqela aldehyde) :
Ineempawu zokunciphisa ezomeleleyo: iqela le-aldehyde lifakwa kwi-oxidized ngokulula kwaye linokuthi lingene kwisipili sesilivere kunye nesisombululo se-ammonia sesilivere, lisabela ngokumiswa kwe-hydroxide yobhedu esanda kulungiswa ukwenza i-precipitate ebomvu ngezitena (cuprous oxide), kwaye inokufakwa oxidized kwi-oxalic acid ngeeoksijini ezifana ne-potassium permanganate kunye ne-hydrogen peroxide.
Amaqela e-aldehyde anokusabela okongeziweyo: umzekelo, anokusabela nge-hydrogen ukwenza i-glycolic acid (olu luhlobo lobudlelwane benguqu phakathi kwezi zimbini).
Iimpawu ze-glycolic acid (ngenxa yobukho bamaqela e-hydroxyl):
Amaqela e-Hydroxyl yi-nucleophilic: anokuthi angene kwi-intramolecular okanye i-intermolecular esterification reactions kunye namaqela e-carboxyl ukwenza ii-ester ze-cyclic okanye i-polyester (ezifana ne-polyglycolic acid, i-polymer material eyonakalisayo).
Amaqela e-Hydroxyl anokuthi afakwe i-oxidized: nangona kunjalo, ubunzima be-oxidation buphezulu kunobo bamaqela e-aldehyde kwi-glyoxylic acid, kunye ne-oxidant eyomeleleyo (efana ne-potassium dichromate) iyadingeka ukuze i-oxidize amaqela e-hydroxyl kumaqela e-aldehyde okanye amaqela e-carboxyl.
Ubumuncu beqela le-carboxyl: Omabini aqulathe amaqela e-carboxyl kwaye aneasidi. Nangona kunjalo, iqela le-hydroxyl ye-glycolic acid inefuthe elibuthathaka lokunikela nge-electron kwiqela le-carboxyl, kwaye i-acidity yayo iyancipha kancinci kune-glycolic acid (glycolic acid pKa≈3.18, glycolic acid pKa≈3.83).
Iimpawu zomzimba ezahlukeneyo
Ubume kunye nokunyibilika:
Inyibilika ngokulula emanzini nakwizinyibilikisi zendalo ezimhlophe (ezifana ne-ethanol), kodwa ngenxa yomahluko kwi-molecular polarity, ukunyibilika kwazo kwahluke kancinane (i-glyoxylic acid ine-polarity eyomeleleyo kunye ne-solubility ephezulu kancinane emanzini).
Indawo yokunyibilika
Indawo yokunyibilika ye-glyoxylic acid imalunga ne-98℃, ngelixa i-glycolic acid imalunga ne-78-79℃. Umahluko uvela kumandla e-intermolecular (iqela le-aldehyde le-glyoxylic acid linamandla amakhulu okwenza i-hydrogen bond kunye neqela le-carboxyl).
Usetyenziso olwahlukileyo
Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-organic synthesis industry, njenge-synthesis ye-vanillin (i-flavoring), i-allantoin (i-pharmaceutical intermediate yokukhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda), i-p-hydroxyphenylglycine (i-antibiotic intermediate), njl. Imveliso yokunakekelwa kweenwele: Njengesithako sokulungelelanisa, inceda ukulungisa imicu yeenwele ezonakalisiweyo kunye nokuphucula ukukhanya kweenwele (kufuneka zidibaniswe nezinye izithako zokunciphisa ukucaphuka).
Njengoko i-α -hydroxy acid (AHA), isicelo sayo esisisiseko siphambili kwintsimi yeemveliso zokunakekelwa kwesikhumba. Isebenza njengesithako esikhuphayo (ngokunyibilikisa izinto ezidibanisayo phakathi kwe-stratum corneum yesikhumba ukukhuthaza ukuchithwa kwesikhumba esifileyo), ukuphucula iingxaki ezifana nesikhumba esibuhlungu kunye neempawu ze-acne. Ukongezelela, iphinda isetyenziswe kwishishini le-textile (njenge-ejenti ye-bleaching), ii-agent zokucoca (ukususa isikali), kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweeplastiki ezichithwayo (i-polyglycolic acid).
Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwezi zimbini zivela kumaqela asebenzayo: i-asidi ye-glyoxylic iqulethe iqela le-aldehyde (elineempawu zokunciphisa ezinamandla, ezisetyenziswa kwi-organic synthesis), kunye ne-glycolic acid iqulethe iqela le-hydroxyl (inokuthi i-esterified, isetyenziswe ekunyamekelweni kwesikhumba kunye nezinto eziphathekayo). Ukusuka kwisakhiwo ukuya kwindalo kwaye emva koko ukuya kwisicelo, zonke zibonisa umahluko obalulekileyo ngenxa yalo mahluko ungundoqo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-11-2025